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Where does humanity come from? The Human Intelligence Evolved from Cis-regulatory Saltations
03 23, 2025
The divergence rate between the alignable genomes of humans and chimpanzees is as little as 1.23%. This raises a fundamental question: what genetic changes account for their dramatic phenotypical difference. Researchers from the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science (AMSS) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have discovered that the saltation (jump change) of cis-regulatory element frequency (CREF) modules can explain the cognition and intelligence unique to humans.The divergence rate between the alignable genomes of humans and chimpanzees is as little as 1.23%. This raises a fundamental question: what genetic changes account for their dramatic phenotypical difference.Researchers from the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science (AMSS) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) have discovered that the saltation (jump change) of cis-regulatory element frequency (CREF) modules can explain the cognition and intelligence unique to humans.▲ The human intelligence evolved from cis-regulatory saltations1. Saltations in Gene Regulation Make Humans UniqueOn its 125th anniversary, Science magazine posed 125 unsolved scientific questions, one of which “What genetic changes made us uniquely human?” was listed as one of the 25 core problems.Scientists initially hypothesized that the differences between humans and chimpanzees might be due to mutations in protein-coding genes. However, subsequent research revealed that structural differences in proteins were minimal.Recently, a research group from AMSS shifted their focus from protein sequences to their regulatory regions. They represented gene regulatory sequences using the cis-regulatory element frequency (CREF) matrix and mathematically transformed transcriptional regulatory information from humans and extant ape species—such as chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas—into eigen-modules that could be aligned and compared.Surprisingly, their study found that during human evolution, certain regulatory modules underwent jump changes, termed saltations. These saltations resulted in the emergence of new gene regulatory patterns, leading to a leap in human cognition and intelligence.2. Saltation Unravels the Secret of Human IntelligenceThe researchers extracted 10 principal regulatory modules from vast genomic datasets and ranked them in descending order of energy. By comparing the CREF modules of four hominid species, they identified two key saltations: one between the 4th and 5th eigen-levels and another between the 9th and 10th. The newly regulated gene targets include those associated with long-term memory, cochlea development, learning, exploration behavior, and social behavior.The ability to use spoken language and create music is uniquely human. The cochlea, a crucial sensory organ, plays a fundamental role in language acquisition and musical development. Notably, cochlea development is a key biological process regulated by both the newly emerged 4th and 9th CREF modules in humans. Over the course of evolution, subtle changes in the size, position, and orientation of the human cochlea have occurred, supporting this adaptation.▲The cis-regulatory element frequency (CREF) matrix that represent the transcriptional regulation and the saltation from apes to humanFurthermore, the study found that along the 4th human gene eigenvector, a significant portion of genes is associated with social behavior, adult behavior, and regulation of behavior. This suggests that genes related to social behavior are expressed more in humans through transcriptional regulation. The findings imply that certain aspects of social behavior are already encoded within the human genome. Rational social behavior enabled humans to establish societies of law, commerce, academia, and more. Through societies, collective intelligence emerged and accumulated over time, aided by long-term memory.These findings validate the use of whole-genome CREF-based eigen-modules to elucidate the genetic basis of human cognition and intelligence. This model represents the first mathematical framework to explain species saltation. In the future, this approach could be applied to the evolutionary study of other species. Moreover, insights from natural human intelligence revealed by this study may provide valuable references for the development of artificial intelligence.It is our hope this discovery will spread across the world. As humanity gains a deeper understanding of who we are and where we came from, we will gain greater insight into where we are headed. This knowledge will inspire us to strive for better education, a stronger economy, a healthier environment, and ultimately, world peace.The links to the research articles：https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qub2.88https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qub2.92 -
The 14th Triennial Conference of the Association of Asia-Pacific Operations Research Societies (APORS 2024) was held in Hangzhou from November 15 to 18, 2024. More than 200 delegates from APORS member societies including China, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong SAR, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, Nepal, and the Philippines participated in the conference. During the event, the APORS council meeting was called and Professor Yu-Hong Dai, the current President of the Operations Research Society of China and serving APORS President, was nominated and elected as Vice President of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) for the 2025–2027 term.The 14th Triennial Conference of the Association of Asia-Pacific Operations Research Societies (APORS 2024) was held in Hangzhou from November 15 to 18, 2024. More than 200 delegates from APORS member societies including China, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong SAR, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, Nepal, and the Philippines participated in the conference. During the event, the APORS council meeting was called and Professor Yu-Hong Dai, the current President of the Operations Research Society of China and serving APORS President, was nominated and elected as Vice President of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) for the 2025–2027 term. At the council meeting, the next term APORS officers including President, Vice President, Secretary-General and Treasurer were also elected and announced that the next APORS conference will be hosted by the Australian Society for Operations Research in Perth, Australia, in 2027.Professor Yu-Hong Dai is currently the Vice President of the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the President of the Operations Research Society of China, and the Vice President of the Chinese Mathematical Society. Prof. Dai has long been engaged in the study of nonlinear optimization, integer programming, and applied optimization. He proposed the Dai-Yuan nonlinear conjugate gradient method，proposed the Dai-Fletcher gradient method，established fundamental theory and basic algorithms of optimization with least constraint violation, solved the longstanding open question on the convergence of the BFGS quasi-Newton method and the open question on computational complexity of sequentially lifting cover inequalities for the knapsack polytope. In 2018, together with his students, he developed the first modern mixed integer programming solver CMIP in China. He gave 45-minute invited talk on ICM2022 and one-hour plenary talk on ISMP2022．The International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) was founded in 1955 with objectives to promote and advance operational research globally. Currently, IFORS consists of 58 member societies and operates through four regional groupings: Asia-Pacific, Europe, South America, and North America. The Operations Research Society of China joined IFORS in 1982 and played a key role in founding the Association of Asia-Pacific Operational Research Society in 1988. IFORS organizes a triennial international conference every three years. Notably. The 15th IFORS Triennial Conference was successfully held in Beijing in 1999. Former presidents of the Operations Research Society of China, including Guang-Hui Hsu, Xiang-Sun Zhang, and Ya-Xiang Yuan have previously served as APORS Presidents and IFORS Vice Presidents. -
On the morning of July 29, the first Chen Jing-Run Prize Award Ceremony was held at Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the “AMSS”).On the morning of July 29, the first Chen Jing-Run Prize Award Ceremony was held at Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the “AMSS”).Mr. Zhang Shouwu, Professor of Princeton University and Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Director of the Award Committee, Mr. Dorian Goldfeld, Professor of Columbia University and Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, President of AMSS, Academician Zhang Ping, Academician Xi Nanhua, Academician Tian Ye, Academician Zhang Jiping of Peking University, Vice President of Nankai University, Bai Chengming, and researchers from various universities at home and abroad, as well as Mr. Chen Jingrun's son, Mr. Chen Youwei, participated in the award ceremony. The award ceremony was hosted by Prof. Fu Baohua, Director of the Institute of Mathematics, AMSS.Academician Ping Zhang delivered a welcome speech. Academician XI Nanhua introduced the background and mechanism of the establishment of Chen Jing-Run Prize. Prof. Zhang Shouwu, director of the Award Committee, introduced the list of judges and the process of award evaluation, and read out the list of winners and their comments.Moments of L-Functions and their applications to the Rankin-Selberg problem and arithmetic quantum chaos by Prof. Bingrong Huang of Shandong University, and Irreducible components of affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties by Prof. Sian Nie of AMSS are selected as the first Chen Jingrun Prize for the year of 2024. Prize. Prof. Dorian Goldfeld, Prof. Shouwu Zhang, Academician Nanhua Xi, and Academician Ping Zhang presented the awards to the winners.In order to commemorate the contributions of Mr. Chen Jingrun, and to promote his spirit of love for mathematics, AMSS and the University Education Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences establish the “Chen Jing-Run Prize” to reward and recognize the outstanding achievements of young talents under 40 years old in the field of Number Theory and Algebra, completed in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan. The Prize is awarded every two years, with a maximum of two achievements at any one time. -
Quanta Magazine reported the scientific research results of Associate Professor Zhengyi Zhou
01 29, 2024
On November 7, 2023, the Quanta Magzine reported the research results of Zhengyi Zhou.
On November 7, 2023, the Quanta Magzine reported the research results of Zhengyi Zhou.
A fundamental problem in contact topology is understanding the tight contact structures (a special structure on odd-dimensional manifolds). Classical results of Gromov and Eliashberg tell us that contact manifolds with a symplectic filling, i.e.,those can arise as a convex boundary of a symplectic manifold, must be tight. Therefore, a basic question is understanding the distance between tightness and existences of fillings. Tight contact structures without fillings were constructed on some manifolds previously. The question that Zhengyi Zhou and three other researchers investigated was whether there is such a structure on the simplest manifold, namely the standard sphere. A contact structure on a one-dimensional sphere is trivially fillable. In dimension 3, Eliashberg proved that there is only one tight contact structure on the sphere, which is also fillable. In their joint work, Zhou and his coauthors constructed tight contact structures on spheres of dimension at least 5 that are not fillable. As a corollary, they proved that in dimensions 7 and above, the existence of a tight contact structure on a manifold is equivalent to the existence of a tight but not strongly fillable contact structure, which illustrates a great difference, and in a certain sense the optimal difference, between tight structures and those that are strongly fillable.
Zhengyi Zhou's research area is symplectic topology and contact topology. He uses the theory of pseudo-holomorphic curves, in particular, symplectic field theory, to study the rigidity phenomena in symplectic and contact topology, especially problems related to symplectic fillings, and symplectic cobordisms. Major works include proving Wolf Prize laureate Eliashberg's conjecture on the nonexistence of Liouville fillings for real projective spaces; constructing the first non-topological obstruction to the existence of Weinstein fillings; with Moreno, constructing a series of contact invariants from rational symplectic field theory; and with Bowden, Gironella, and Moreno, constructing tight contact structures on high-dimensional spheres that are not fillable.
Quanta Magazine is an editorially independent online publication of the Simons Foundation, focusing on recent breakthroughs in physics, math, biology, and computer science, with the aim of popularizing science and describing the fundamentals and discovery of the latest advances in a particular research. -
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex, chronic, progressive, and non-self-curable disease, whose cure is a challenge to public health. China now has more than 100 million T2D patients, along with an even larger population of prediabetes. Unfortunately, a substantial portion of these individuals remains unaware of their risk and status. Detecting diabetes early before it becomes irreversible is a desirable approach to cure the disease.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex, chronic, progressive, and non-self-curable disease, whose cure is a challenge to public health. China now has more than 100 million T2D patients, along with an even larger population of prediabetes. Unfortunately, a substantial portion of these individuals remains unaware of their risk and status. Detecting diabetes early before it becomes irreversible is a desirable approach to cure the disease.
An integration of large expression data from rat and human islets published in PLOS ONE on October 10, 2023 supported a new scheme of detecting prediabetes. That is, screening for prediabetes should include fasting and postprandial blood insulin levels along with glucose levels; Moreover, to prevent the islet morphological alteration from becoming irreversible, or to prevent T2D pathological progression from irreversible, active intervention should be taken at as early as the stage of hyperinsulinemia even with euglycemia.
Pancreatic islet failure is a key characteristic of T2D besides insulin resistance. The research group led by Dr. Lei M Li at Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, discovered that irreversible islet deterioration coincides with transcriptional angiogenesis and hyperinsulinemia precedes the onset of insulin deterioration. They unveiled the findings by developing a novel computational approach to integrating expression profiles of Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and Wistar (WST) rat islets from a designed experiment with those of the human islets from an observational study.
The GK rat is an T2D animal model, displaying both impaired insulin secretion in response to glucose and insulin resistance, while the WST rat serves as its control counterpart. In islets, α and β cells respectively produce and secret the two hormones: glucagon and insulin. Glucagon raises glucose levels whereas insulin is the sole hormone responsible for reducing plasma glucose levels. Other than expression profiles, the α/β-cell distribution is available in GK/WST rat islets. The human islets were from cadaver donors including non-diabetics and diabetics. The information such as age, gender, BMI, and HbA1c levels are available along with the mRNA expressions. All data utilized in this research was from public repository at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/. The rat data were generated by Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the human data were from Nordic Islet Transplantation Programme.
The integration analysis is based on the dual eigen-structure of the expression profiles. The principal gene eigenvector or signature, which was characterized by up-regulated angiogenesis and down-regulated oxidative phosphorylation, was identified conserved across the two species. In the case of GK versus WST islets, such alteration in gene expression can be verified directly by the treatment-control tests at various time points throughout the study. The alteration of transcriptional angiogenesis, which was synchronous to that of the α/β-cell distribution, preceded the down-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation, which was synchronous to the insulin deterioration. Moreover, hyperinsulinemia was observed before the onset of insulin deterioration in GK rats.
According to the expression signature, a large portion of genes involved in the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway, which activates the transcription of angiogenesis, were markedly up-regulated. The findings from the research suggest that along the T2D progression, the HIF signaling pathway functions under hypoxic stress. Furthermore, the presence of the top-ranked anti-angiogenic genes THBS1 and PEDF indicate the existence of a counteractive mechanism that is in line with thickened and fragmented capillaries found in the deteriorated islets.
In addition to the public raw data, the computational code and intermediate data have been deposited on open cloud platforms https://codeocean.com and https://zenodo.org so that all the results presented in the article are reproducible. -
The 10th International Congress of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM 2023) was held on August 20-25, 2023 in Tokyo, Japan. The ICIAM is the highest level, largest and most influential academic event in the field of industrial and applied mathematics, and is held every four years. CAS Academician Prof. Guo Lei from AMSS was one of the 27 renowned applied mathematicians around the world who delivered Invited Lectures at this congress.
The 10th International Congress of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM 2023) was held on August 20-25, 2023 in Tokyo, Japan. The ICIAM is the highest level, largest and most influential academic event in the field of industrial and applied mathematics, and is held every four years. CAS Academician Prof. Guo Lei from AMSS was one of the 27 renowned applied mathematicians around the world who delivered Invited Lectures at this congress.
On the morning of August 25th, Prof. Guo Lei delivered an invited lecture entitled "Learning and Feedback in the Control of Uncertain Dynamical Systems", in which he shared his discoveries and research progress made with his collaborators in the field of control of uncertain dynamical systems. He pointed out that learning and feedback are complementary mechanisms in coping with uncertainties in dynamic systems, and are also two key mechanisms in intelligent systems. Learning plays a fundamental role in the design and operation of intelligent systems, while feedback makes it possible for the system itself to effectively cope with the influences of various uncertainties in an open and complex environment.
The basic ideas and results presented in this presentation are expected to provide insights and inspirations for the further integration of machine learning and feedback control, and to promote the development of the fundamental theory of intelligent systems under uncertainty.
Prof. Guo Lei graduated from the Department of Mathematics, Shandong University in 1982, and received his Ph.D. degree from the Institute of System Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 1987. He is currently a professor at AMSS and the director of the National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences (NCMIS) of the CAS. He was the director of AMSS and the president of the China Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. He is mainly engaged in basic theory and related applied research in the field of systems and control, especially in adaptive systems (including adaptive estimation, adaptive filtering, adaptive control, adaptive games), control of nonlinear uncertain systems, maximum capacity of feedback mechanisms, collective behavior of flocking with large population, game-based control systems, and complex systems science. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, a Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Developing World, a foreign member of The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the International Federation of Automatic Control, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Sweden. In 2019, He was awarded the Hendrik W. Bode Lecture Prize by the IEEE Control Systems Society "for fundamental and practical contributions to the fields of adaptive control, system identification, adaptive signal processing, stochastic systems, and applied mathematics".
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The 23rd International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) Conference was held on July 10-14, 2023 in Santiago, Chile. The meeting announced the list of newly elected IFORS Fellows for 2023, including Prof.Yuhong Dai.
The 23rd International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS) Conference was held on July 10-14, 2023 in Santiago, Chile. The conference announced the new IFORS Fellows with only three recipients selected, including Prof.Yuhong Dai.
Prof.Yuhong Dai is the Vice President of the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Sciences (AMSS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, President of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Operational Research Societies and the President of the Operations Research of Society of China.
He has long been engaged in theoretical and applied research on optimization methods, and has made systematic and creative work in nonlinear optimization, integer programming and applied optimization. He developed and improved the theory of nonlinear conjugate gradient methods and proposed the Dai-Yuan method. He developed and improved the theory of gradient methods and proposed the Dai-Fletcher method. He proposed the new direction of least constraint violation optimization and gave the basic theory and algorithms. He solved the open problem on the convergence of the BFGS quasi-Newton method independently and cooperated solved the open problem on the complexity of sequentially lifting cover cut. In 2018, he and his students developed the CMIP, which is the first modern integer programming solver in China. His methods and results have been widely cited by the optimization theory and application communities.
Prof.Yuhong Dai was invited to give a 45-minute invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematician in 2022, a semi-plenary talk at the 5th International Conference on Continuous Optimization (a flagship conference organized by Mathematical Optimization Society) in 2016, and a plenary talk at the 24th International Symposium on Mathematical Programming (the largest conference of the International Society for Mathematical Optimization) in 2022. He was awarded the Second Prize of National Natural Science of China (completed by Prof. Yaxiang Yuan and Prof. Yuhong Dai), China Youth Science and Technology Award, Shiing-Shen Chern Mathematics Prize, Feng Kang Scientific Computing Prize, the first Xiao Shutie Applied Mathematics Prize, and the Best Paper Prize of the International Congress on Communication.
The IFORS was founded in 1955, with a long history of more than 60 years, is the only global international organization of operations research. This important world conference is held every three years. IFORS 2023 is to bring together academia, practitioners, and experts in the field of Management Science from more than 60 countries and to contribute to its development through mutual academic and information exchange.
The IFORS Administrative Committee approved the establishment of the IFORS Fellows Award in 2020. The IFORS Fellows Award serves to recognize a distinguished individual’s contribution to international operational research and its communities. The criteria for selection of the IFORS Fellow include various aspects of research, practice, service, education, and management in operations research. IFORS Fellows are selected annually, and Academician Prof. Yaxiang Yuan and Prof. Xiangsun Zhang from AMSS were elected in 2021.
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Prof. Cuihong Yang Elected as the TWAS Fellow
11 24, 2022
Prof. Cuihong Yang was elected as the Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) for her outstanding contribution to science and its promotion in the developing world.
Prof. Cuihong Yang was elected as the Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) for her outstanding contribution to science and its promotion in the developing world.
YANG, Cuihong (China), (F). Chair Professor, Deputy Director, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, CAS, China. She is one of the leading experts in international input-output (IO) field. She has made outstanding contribution in developing new models of input-output techniques, and the applications to strongly support the policy-making of the Chinese government in foreign trade, water conservancy investment, grain security, macro-economic analysis and energy utilization. She is the recipient of TWAS Siwei Cheng Award in Economic Sciences, National Award for Youth in Science and Technology, National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, Sun Yefang Economic Award (the most reputed award in economics in China), among many others.
The World Academy of Sciences (former name: The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World) was founded in 1983 by a distinguished group of scientists from the developing world under the leadership of Abdus Salam, the late Pakistani physicist and Nobel laureate. Based in Trieste, Italy, TWAS works to advance science and engineering for sustainable prosperity in the developing world. The TWAS General Meeting, held every year, is a showcase for scientific excellence in the developing world.
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On July 12th, 15:15-16:00 CEST, Prof. Yu-Hong Dai from AMSS of CAS delivered a 45-minute invited sectional lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians 2022(ICM 2022). The lecture was entitled "New Trends in Nonlinear Optimization", which mainly introduced the latest achievements of himself and his collaborators in nonlinear optimization.
On July 12th, 15:15-16:00 CEST, Prof. Yu-Hong Dai from AMSS of CAS delivered a 45-minute invited sectional lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians 2022(ICM 2022). The lecture was entitled "New Trends in Nonlinear Optimization", which mainly introduced the latest achievements of himself and his collaborators in nonlinear optimization.
The International Congress of Mathematicians is the most influential conference of the international mathematical community hosted by the International Mathematical Union, which is held every four years.
Prof. Yu-Hong Dai works on numerical optimization with applications. He has made outstanding contributions on continuous optimization, integer programming, and applied optimization. He made a systematic study on the theory of nonlinear conjugate gradient methods and proposed the Dai-Yuan method; made a systematic study on the theory of gradient methods and proposed the Dai-Fletcher method; Gave a negative answer to the open problem on the convergence of the BFGS quasi-Newton method and solved the open problem on the complexity of sequentially lifting cover inequalities for the knapsack polytope; In 2018, he developed the CMIP by leading his group, which the first modern integer programming solver in China.
Prof. Yu-Hong Dai received Second Grade of National Natural Science Award of China (2006) with Prof. Ya-Xiang Yuan. He also won numerous awards named after famous scientists, including Shiing-Shen Chern Mathematics Prize (2017), Feng Kang Scientific Computing Prize (2015), Xiao Shutie Applied Mathematics Prize (2018). He is currently the chairman of the Association of Asia-Pacific Operational Research Societies (APORS) and the president of the Operations Research Society of China (ORSC). -
Prof. Zhiming Chen was elected as the 2022 SIAM (The Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) Fellow for his significant contributions to adaptive finite element methods, multiscale analysis and computation, and seismic imaging.
Prof. Zhiming Chen was elected as the 2022 SIAM (The Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) Fellow for his significant contributions to adaptive finite element methods, multiscale analysis and computation, and seismic imaging.
Prof. Zhiming Chen’s research areas are numerical analysis and scientific computing. He has made significant achievements in the study of adapt finite element method, multiscale finite element method for fluid problems in inhomogeneous porous media, perfectly matched layer method for wave-propagation problems in unbounded domains, and the source-transfer domain decomposition method for high-frequence scattering problems. He received Feng Kang Scientific Computing Prize in 2001, the Second National Natural Science Prize in 2009 and the Shiing S. Chern Mathematics Award in 2015. He was elected as the Member of CAS (the Chinese Academy of Sciences) in 2017.He was also the invited speaker of International Congress of Mathematicians, Madrid, Spain in 2006. He is now the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Computational Mathematics, Member of the editorial board of Numerische Mathematik and SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, etc.
SIAM is an international community, which exists to ensure the strongest interactions between mathematics and other scientific and technological communities through membership activities, publication of journals and books, and conferences. SIAM named 26 academics and professionals to its 2022 Class of Fellows for their outstanding contributions to applied mathematics and computational science through research in the field and service to the larger community on March, 31, 2022.
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